Policy Brief
This policy brief presents evidence-based recommendations from the TIMES project on enabling the use of TeraHertz (THz) spectrum for future 6G systems. Building on technical results, use-case analysis, and regulatory assessment developed within the SNS Joint Undertaking framework, the document identifies key challenges and opportunities related to spectrum availability, sharing models, and regulatory readiness. It provides actionable guidance for policymakers, regulators, and standardization bodies to support timely and coordinated decisions on THz spectrum for 6G deployment in Europe.
A first Estimation of Spectrum Demand for THz Use Cases
Acknowledgement
For further details follow the guidelines.
This work has been performed in the framework of the HORIZON-JU-SNS-2022 project TIMES (Grant Agreement No: 101096307), cofunded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union.
White Paper
Investigating the WSSUS Assumption in 300 GHz Time-Variant Channels in Industrial Environments, Varvara V. ELESINA, Carla E. REINHARDT, Lennart THIELECKE, Tobias DOEKER, Thomas KÜRNER
Scientific Publications
On this page, you can find all the scientific publications (papers, reports…) produced by the consortium to promote and explain the project research.
| Type of contribution | Target | Title | Author(s) enter the authors separated by a comma | Venue name of conference, workshop, journal, magazine,... | Year |
| Paper | Scientific | Adapt and Aggregate: Adaptive OFDM Numerology and Carrier Aggregation for High Data Rate Terahertz Communications | Lutfi Samara , Tommaso Zugno, Mate Boban , Senior Member, IEEE, Malte Schellmann , and Thomas Kürner | IEEE JSTSP | 2023 |
| Paper | Scientific | Characterization of Propagation in an Industrial Scenario from Sub-6 GHz to 300 GHz | Diego Dupleich; Alexander Ebert; Yanneck Völker-Schöneberg; Damir Sitdikov; Mate Boban; Lutfi Samara; Giovanni Del Galdo; Reiner Thomä | IEEE GLOBECOM 2023 | 2023 |
| Paper | Scientific | LoS MIMO-Arrays vs. LoS MIMO-Surfaces | Marco Di Renzo, Davide Dardari, and Nicolo` Decarli | EuCap 2023 | 2023 |
| Paper | Scientific | Metaprism-aided NLOS Target Localization | Marina Lotti and Davide Dardari | Eusipco 2023 | 2023 |
| Paper | Scientific | Radio SLAM for 6G Systems at THz Frequencies: Design and Experimental Validation | M. Lotti, G. Pasolini, A. Guerra, F. Guidi, R. D’Errico, and D. Dardari | IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN SIGNAL PROCESSING | 2023 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Reconfigurable Electromagnetic Environments: A Signal Processing Approach | Davide Dardari | proc. of ICEAA - International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, 9-13 October 2023, Venice, Italy | 2023 |
| Paper | Scientific | Terahertz Communications for Industrial Manufacturing: a Use Case Analysis | Tommaso Zugno, Lutfi Samara, Mate Boban, Per Hjalmar Lehne, Thomas Kurner | IEEE CSCN 2023 | 2023 |
| Paper | Scientific | Channel Measurements in an Industrial Environment for Access Point-to-Sensor Communication at 300 GHz | Carla E. Reinhardt, Varvara V. Elesina, Johannes M. Eckhardt, Tobias Doeker, Lucas C. Ribeiro, Thomas Kürner | German Microwave Conference (GeMIC 2024) | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | Channel Measurements in Workspace with Robotic Manipulators at 300 GHz and Recent Results | Varvara V. Elesina, Carla E. Reinhardt, Thomas Kürner | 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2024) | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | Characterization of Propagation from Measurements at sub-THz for ISAC Applications in an Emulated Dynamic Industrial Scenario | Diego Dupleich , Alexander Ebert, Yanneck Völker-Schöneberg, Damir Sitdikov, Mate Boban, Giovanni Del Galdo, and Reiner Thomä | 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2024) | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | Direct Clustering and Multi-Path Component Identification on THz Channel Measurements in a Factory Environment | Mengfan Wu, Tommaso Zugno, Mate Boban, Falko Dressler | 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2024) | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | Highly-Compact 20-mW, 270--320-GHz InGaAs mHEMT Power Amplifier MMIC | Laurenz John, Axel Tessmann, Sandrine Wagner, Arnulf Leuther | International Microwave Symposium (IMS) 2024 | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | NLOS Localization Exploiting Frequency-selective Metasurfaces | M. Lotti, G. Calesini, D. Dardari | IEEE ICC 2024 2nd Workshop on Near-Field Communications, Localization, and Sensing, Denver, US | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | Ray Tracing and Measurement-Based Characterization of Inter/Intra-Machine THz Wireless Channels | Steffen Pahlke, Tommaso Zugno, Mate Boban, Diego Dupleich, Thomas Kürner | 18th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2024) | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | RIS-Empowered Near-Field Imaging in NLOS Scenarios | Giulia Torcolacci, Anna Guerra, Haiyang Zhang, Francesco Guidi, Qianyu Yang, Yonina C. Eldar, Davide Dardari | IEEE ICC 2024 2nd Workshop on Near-Field Communications, Localization, and Sensing, Denver, US | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | The integrated sensing and communication revolution for 6G: vision, technologies, and applications | Nuria Gonzalez-Prelcic, Musa Furkan Keskin, Ossi Kaltiokallio, Mikko Valkama, Davide Dardari, Xiao Shen, Yuan Shen, Murat Bayraktar, and Henk Wymeersch | Proc. of the IEEE | 2024 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Towards System-Level Modeling of Broadband Sub-THz Amplifiers for Wireless Communication | Simon Haussmann, Dominik Wrana, Lutfi Samara, Tommaso Zugno, Ingmar Kallfass | accepted for RWW2025 | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Channel Aggregation in THz Communication: Linearity Considerations in Full Electronic System | Simon Haussmann, Dominik Wrana, Axel Tessmann, Ingmar Kallfass | IRMMW2024 | 2024 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | A High-Pass Distributed Amplifier Operating from 215GHz – 315GHz in a 35nm InGaAs mHEMT Technology | Lukas Gebert, Benjamin Schoch, Dominik Wrana, Thomas Ufschlag, Simon Haussmann, Axel Tessmann, Sandrine Wagner, Ingmar Kallfass | EuMIC-2024 | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | Investigating the WSSUS Assumption in 300 GHz Time-Variant Channels in Industrial Environments | Varvara Elesina, Carla E. Reinhardt, Lennart Thielecke, Tobias Doeker, Thomas Kürner | IEEE Open Journal of Vehicular Technology | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | 6G Localization and Sensing in the Near Field: Features, Opportunities, and Challenges | Chen H., Keskin M. F., Sakhnini A., Decarli N., Pollin S., Dardari D., Wymeersch H. | IEEE Wireless Communications | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | 6G Wireless Communications: From Far-Field Beam Steering to Near-Field Beam Focusing | Haiyang Zhang and Nir Shlezinger and Francesco Guidi and Davide Dardari and Yonina C. Eldar | IEEE Communications Magazine | 2023 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | A 300 GHz High-Pass Distributed Amplifier using a Quasi High-Pass Transmission Line Topology | Gebert, L., Schoch, B., Wrana, D., Ufschlag, T., Haußmann, S., Tessmann, A. and Kallfass, I. | 16th German Microwave Conference (GeMiC) | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | A Superheterodyne 300 GHz InGaAs Receiver and Transmitter Chipset for 6G and Beyond Applications | Lukas Gebert, Benjamin Schoch, Thomas Ufschlag, Dominik Wrana, Simon Haussmann, Laurenz John | 20th European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference (EuMIC) | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | An Enhanced Polar-Domain Dictionary Design for Elevated BSs in Near-Field U-MIMO | Luca Antonelli, Antonio Alberto D'Amico, Luca Sanguinetti | ASILOMAR | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Asymptotic Behavior of Localization and Sensing in the Near Field of Extremely Large Aperture Arrays | C. Giovannetti, N. Decarli, A. Zanella, D. Dardari | IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops) | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Beam Focusing for Near-Field Multi-User Localization | Qianyu Yang, Anna Guerra, Francesco Guidi, Nir Shlezinger, Haiyang Zhang, Davide Dardari, Baoyun Wang, and Yonina C. Eldar | IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Beam-Focusing for Near-Field ISAC Systems | Sun, P., Zhang, H., Guidi, F., Dardari, D., Wang, B. and Eldar, Y.C. | IEEE 25th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC) | 2024 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Bistatic Doppler Estimation Based on Extremely Large Aperture Arrays | Caterina Giovannetti, Tommaso Bacchielli, Nicolò Decarli Andrea Giorgetti, Davide Dardari | 33rd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Bistatic Sensing at THz Frequencies via a Two-Stage Ultra-Wideband MIMO-OFDM System | T. Bacchielli, L. Pucci, D. Dardari and A. Giorgetti | IEEE 25th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC) | 2024 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Broadband Drain-Bar-Supplied H-Band Power Amplifier With 70 GHz 3-dB Bandwidth of the Output-Related 1-dB Compression Point | Thomas Ufschlag, Benjamin Schoch, Lukas Gebert, Dominik Wrana, Roger Lozar, Axel Tessmann | IEEE Topical Conference on RF/Microwave Power Amplifiers for Radio and Wireless Applications (PAWR) | 2026 |
| Paper | Scientific | Calibration in RIS-Aided Integrated Sensing, Localization and Communication Systems | Reza Ghazalian, Pinjun Zheng, Hui Chen, Cuneyd Ozturk, Musa Furkan Keskin, Vincenzo Sciancalepore, Sinan Gezici, Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri, Henk Wymeersch | IEEE Wireless Communications | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Channel Estimation for 6G Near-Field Wireless Communications: A Comprehensive Survey | Wen-Xuan Long, Shengyu Ye, Marco Moretti, Michele Morelli, Luca Sanguinetti, Rui Chen, Cheng-Xiang Wang | IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials | 2026 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Channel Parameters Extraction: A Comparison Between Reference And Real Industrial Scenarios | Alessia Tarozzi, Roberto Verdone | IEEE 10th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | Deep learning prediction of beam coherence time for near-field terahertz networks | I. Chafaa, E. V. Belmega, G. Bacci | IEEE Wireless Communications Letters | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Digital Twin for Industry 5.0: an Reinforcement Learning Model for Backoff Optimization | A. Tarozzi, M. Ahmed, H.-P. Bernhard, R. Verdone | IEEE Internet of Things Journal | 2026 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Digital Twin for Network and Industrial Operation | A. Tarozzi, M. Ahmed, H.-P. Bernhard, R. Verdone | IECON 2025 – 51st Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Error Bound Analysis for Velocity Estimation in Near-Field Bistatic Radar Systems | Caterina Giovannetti, Tommaso Bacchielli, Andrea Giorgetti, Davide Dardari, Nicolò Decarli | IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Establishing MIMO Communications Automatically using Self-Conjugating Metasurfaces | Davide Dardari, Marina Lott, Nicolò Decarl, Gianni Pasolini | IEEE International Conference on Communications | 2023 |
| Paper | Scientific | Experimental Review of Wideband OFDM in Electronic sub-mmW Communication | S.Haussmann, F.Euchner, B.Schoch, D.Wrana, A.Tessmann, I.Kallfass | Cambridge University Press - International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Guest editorial: advanced signal processing for sustainable and low footprint wireless communications | G. Bacci, L. Bariah, E. V. Belmega, R. C. de Lamare | EURASIP J. Advances Signal Process | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Guidelines for RIS Planning in IIoT Scenarios | Alessia Tarozzi, Enrico M. Vitucci, Franco Fuschini, Roberto Verdone | IEEE 8th Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry Innovation (RTSI) | 2024 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | H-Band Waveguide Filters for Duplex THz Communications | Simon Haussmann, Marc Guenter, Axel Tessmann, Ingmar Kallfass | 16th German Microwave Conference (GeMiC) | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Holographic Imaging With XL-MIMO and RIS: Illumination and Reflection Design | Giulia Torcolacci, Anna Guerra, Haiyang Zhang, Francesco Guidi, Qianyu Yang, Yonina C. Eldar, Davide Dardari | IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing | 2024 |
| Paper | Scientific | Holographic MIMO Communications Exploiting the Orbital Angular Momentum | Giulia Torcolacci, Nicolò Decarli, Davide Dardari | IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society | 2023 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Hybrid Beamforming for Sub-THz MIMO: How Close to Fully Digital? | L. Antonelli, A.A. D'Amico, L. Sanguinetti | 33rd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Metaprism Design for Wireless Communications: Angle-Frequency Analysis, Physical Realizability, Constraints, and Performance Optimization | Silvia Palmucci, Andrea Abrardo, Davide Dardari, Alberto Toccafondi, Marco Di Renzo | IEEE Transactions on Communications | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Metasurfaces as 6G Enabling Technology: A discussion on RIS applicability to Industrial IoT scenarios | Alessia Tarozzi, Enrico M. Vitucci, Franco Fuschini, Roberto Verdone | IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 & IoT (MetroInd4.0 & IoT) | 2024 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | ML-Based Channel Parameters Estimation For Sensing Applications in Industrial IoT Scenarios | Alessia Tarozzi, Roberto Verdone | IEEE 100th Vehicular Technology Conference | 2024 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Near-field Localization with Dynamic Metasurface Antennas | Qianyu Yang, Anna Guerra, Francesco Guidi, Nir Shlezinger, Haiyang Zhang, Davide Dardari, Baoyun Wang, Yonina C. Eldar | 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing | 2023 |
| Paper | Scientific | Near-field MMSE channel estimation for THz RIS-aided communications with electromagnetic interference | W.-X. Long, M. Moretti, G. Bacci, L. Sanguinetti | IEEE Wireless Communications Letters | 205 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Nonlinear EM-based Signal Processing | Mattia Fabiani, Giulia Torcolacci, Davide Dardari | 59th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Non-Line-of-Sight 300 GHz Band Wireless Link Enabled by a Frequency Dependent Reflective Surface | Frédéric Dutin, Unai Beaskoetxea Gartzia, Victor Torres, Pascal Szriftgiser, Jorge Teniente, Guillaume Ducournau | IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | One-Shot Near-Field Localization with AI-Optimized Hybrid Beamformer Design | M. Fabiani, D. Dardari, A. D’Amico, L. Sanguinetti | IEEE International Conference on Communications | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Over-The-Air Extreme Learning Machines with XL Reception via Nonlinear Cascaded Metasurfaces | Kyriakos Stylianopoulos, Mattia Fabiani, Giulia Torcolacci, Davide Dardari, George C. Alexandropoulos | International Zurich Seminar on Information and Communication | 2026 |
| Paper | Scientific | Over-the-air Multifunctional Wideband Electromagnetic Signal Processing using Dynamic Scattering Arrays | D. Dardari | IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Parametric Near-Field MMSE Channel Estimation for sub-THz XL-MIMO Systems | W-X. Long, M. Moretti, M. Morelli, L. Sanguinetti and R. Chen | 33rd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Performance Analysis of Multi-Hop Networks at Terahertz Frequencies | S. Cavallero, A. Pumilia, G. Cuozzo, A. Tarozzi, C. Buratti, R. Verdone | 21st International IEEE Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS) | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Performance Bounds for Velocity Estimation With Extremely Large Aperture Arrays | Caterina Giovannetti, Nicolò Decarli, Davide Dardari | IEEE Wireless Communications Letters | 2024 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Radar-Based Predictive Network Management for RIS-Aided THz Communications in Industrial Environments | F. Miccoli, M. Fabiani, G. Cuozzo, G. Pasolini and D. Dardari | 33rd European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO) | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Real-Time Localization Based on MIMO Backscattering From Retro-Directive Antenna Arrays | Lotti, M., Decarli, N., Pasolini, G. and Dardari, D. | IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Reconfigurable Electromagnetic Environments: A Signal Processing Approach | Davide Dardari | International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA) | 2023 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | Reinforcement Learning Based Backoff Management for Industry 5.0 | A. Tarozzi, M. Ahmed, H.-P. Bernhard, R. Verdone | IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS) | 2025 |
| Conference Paper | Scientific | RL-Based MAC Protocol For Multi-Goal Industrial Wireless Networks | A. Tarozzi, G. Cuozzo, A. Pumilia, S. Cavallero, C. Buratti, R. Verdone | IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN) | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Spatial multiplexing in near field MIMO channels with reconfigurable intelligent surfaces | Bartoli, G., Abrardo, A., Decarli, N., Dardari, D., & Renzo, M. D. | IET Signal Processing | 2023 |
| Paper | Scientific | Sub-THz Power Amplifiers: Measurements, Behavioral Modeling, and Predistortion Algorithms | L. Samara, S. Haussmann, E. Tufa, A. A. D’Amico, T. Zugno, I. Kallfass, T. Kürner | IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology | 2025 |
| Paper | Scientific | Terahertz networks for future industrial internet of things | S. Cavallero and N. Decarli and G. Cuozzo and C. Buratti and D. Dardari and R. Verdone | ITU Journal | 2023 |
| Paper | Scientific | Toward 6G Holographic Localization: Enabling Technologies and Perspectives | Ahmed Elzanaty, Anna Guerra, Francesco Guidi, Davide Dardari, and Mohamed-Slim Alouini | IEEE Internet of Things Magazine | 2023 |